The living word –

What is living Word – 

The organism which grows and has ability of reproduction , sense environment , metabolism, etc are known as living organism

What are characteristic of living organism – 

1)  Reproduction

2) Metabolism

3) Organisation  of body

4) consciousness

 living word  – Binomial Nomenclature –

The System of providing a name with  2 component ( 1) the generic name  2) specific epithet ) is called Binomial nomenclature

Ex – Mango

the scientific name of mango is Mangifera indica 

Mangifera – it represent Genus

indica – it represent species or specific epithet

https://biosimplified.com/shahu-college-screening-test-syllabus-2024/

Universal Rules of Nomenclature – 

1 Biological names are mostly in Latin , they  are mostly written in italics

they have their origins in Latin

2 The 1st word in Biological name indicate the ” Genus” and second Name or Epithet indicate ” Specific Epithet ”

3 Both the words in a biological name when Handwritten are separately underlined or Printed in Italics  to indicate their Latin origin

4 The first word of the genus is always a Capital word , while the first word of Specific epithet is small word

Classification –

What is classification –

it is a process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on the some easily observable characters

Taxonomic categories –

a) Species  – 

species are the organism of particular kind or type whose members can Interbreed among themselves and can produces fertile young ones

or

a group of individual organism with fundamental similarities are called as species

b) Genus – 

it is a group of related species which has more character in common as compare to species

Eg – 1) Tomato , Brinjal , and Potato – these are 3 different species but all belongs to a common genus SOLANUM

2) The hill crow and the house crow are 2 different species of crow but these 2 belong to the same Genus ” CORVUS”

c) Family – 

a group of related genera with still less number or certain number of similarities or common characters as compared to genus and species

Eg – Felidae –

it is a cat family

it indicate genus tiger , lion, and domestic cat

d) Order – 

a group of related Family constitute order

there are few similar character

Eg – Carnivora

Carnivora –

order carnivora includes Family Felidae ( cat family) and Family Canidae ( Dog  family )

e) Class – 

Class is formed from related orders

Eg – Mammalia

Order Primata include monkey, gorilla and gibbon is places in class Mammalia  along with order Carnivora

f) Phylum –   

Related class Constitutes the phylum

it is the largest division in classification of plants and animals

Eg – Phylum Chordata

g) Kingdom –  

phyla constitute the kingdom

it is the largest division of living organism

Extra – 

The word Species is is given by John Ray  

Carl Linnaeus – carl Linnaeus wrote 2 book

1. Species Plantarum
2. Systema Naturae

Key –  

The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called Couplet

it represent the choice made between two opposite options

each statement in the key is called a Lead

an organism can be identified easily by selecting and eliminating the character present in the key

Polynomial System of Nomenclature – 

in this naming system there is more than 2 words

Trinomial System – 

this system is contain 3 words

the 3rd word indicate Sub species while the first 2 are as same in binomial nomenclature system

Herbarium – 

it is  a store house of collected plant specimen that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets

Codes of Biological Nomenclature – 

to avoid errors while makin g biological Nomenclature there are 5 codes of nomenclature  as follows

1. ICNCP –  International code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
2. ICVN –    International Code of Viral Nomenclature
3. ICBN –    International Code of  Botanical Nomenclature
4.  ICZN –    International Code of  Zoological Nomenclature
5. ICBN –     International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature

Taxonomical aids – 

it includes following technique which are useful for identification and classification of an organism

1 ) Herbarium

2) Museum

3) Keys

4) Botanical and Zoological parks

Biological Names of some important organism –

1. Man – Homo sapiens
2. Mango – Mangifera indica –

   

3. Wheat – Triticum aestivum

   

4. House fly – Musca domestica 
5. Cat     – Felis domesticus 
6. Honey bee – Apis indica 
7. Cobra – Naja naja 
8. Pineapple – Ananas comosus 
9. Lentil – Lens esculenta 
10. Pigeon pea – Cajanus cajan 

Scientist and Discovered terms

1)  Class – given by Linnaeus

2) Order – given by Linnaeus

3) Family – given John ray

4) Genus – given by John ray

5) Species – given by Joh ray

6) Taxon – first introduced by ICBN